TOK+Lexicon

=Theory of Knowledge Vocabulary List mostly from the Van de Lagemaat text=

=Problem of Knowledge=
 * 1) =====Argument ad ignorantiam=====
 * 2) =====Certainty coherence=====
 * 3) =====Common sense=====
 * 4) =====Confirmation bias=====
 * 5) =====Evidence=====
 * 6) =====Gullibility=====
 * 7) =====Judgment=====
 * 8) =====Mental map=====
 * 9) =====Open-mindedness=====
 * 10) =====Paradox of cartography=====
 * 11) =====Paranormal phenomena=====
 * 12) =====Relativism (know the dangers of and the strengths of)=====
 * 13) =====Skepticism (what are the concerns associated with it)=====
 * 14) =====Ways of knowing (what are they?)=====

=The Nature of Knowledge= =Ways of Knowing: Language=
 * 1) =====Authority worship=====
 * 2) =====Context=====
 * 3) =====Culture=====
 * 4) =====Expert opinion=====
 * 5) =====Experience=====
 * 6) =====Indoctrination=====
 * 7) =====Information=====
 * 8) =====Intuition=====
 * 9) =====Justified true belief=====
 * 10) =====Knowledge by authority=====
 * 11) =====News media=====
 * 12) =====Primary knowledge=====
 * 13) =====Second-hand knowledge=====
 * 14) =====Sufficient condition=====
 * 15) =====Thick concept=====
 * 16) =====Truth=====
 * 17) =====Urban legend=====
 * 18) =====Values=====
 * 1) =====Ambiguity=====
 * 2) =====Back translation=====
 * 3) =====Body language : The gestures, postures, and facial expressions by which a person manifests various physical, mental, or emotional states and communicates nonverbally with others.=====
 * 4) =====Classification=====
 * 5) =====Communication :Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that person's needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes=====
 * 6) =====Connotation=====
 * 7) =====Denotation=====
 * 8) =====Emotive meaning=====
 * 9) =====Euphemism: //A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.//=====
 * 10) =====Grammar: //A particular analysis of the system and structure of language or of a specific language//=====
 * 11) =====Idiom: //A form of expression natural to a language, person, or group of people//=====
 * 12) =====Irony : The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning =====
 * 13) =====Linguistic determinism: //the idea that language shapes thought.//=====
 * 14) =====Metaphor : A literary figure of speech that uses an image, story or tangible thing to represent a less tangible thing or some intangible quality or idea=====
 * 15) =====Sapir-Worf hypothesis=====
 * 16) =====Stereotype=====
 * 17) =====Weasel words=====

=Ways of Knowing: Perception=
 * 1) =====Common-sense realism=====
 * 2) =====Empiricism=====
 * 3) =====Figure and ground=====
 * 4) =====Phenomenalism=====
 * 5) =====Scientific realism=====
 * 6) =====Sensation=====
 * 7) =====Visual agnosia=====
 * 8) =====Visual grouping=====
 * 9) =====Synesthesia=====

=Ways of Knowing: Reason=
 * 1) =====ad hominem: //Arising from or appealing to the emotions and not reason or logic.//=====
 * 2) =====argument ad ignorantiam=====
 * 3) =====begging the question=====
 * 4) =====belief bias=====
 * 5) =====binary thinking: //A pair of terms or concepts that are theoretical opposites ( also called binary opposition )//=====
 * 6) =====circular reasoning=====
 * 7) =====confirmation bias: //A tendency to prefer information that confirms an individual's preconceptions, regardless of whether these preconceptions are true.//=====
 * 8) =====contradiction=====
 * 9) =====deduction: //Taking a general concept and applying it to a specific instance.//=====
 * 10) =====double standards=====
 * 11) =====enthymeme=====
 * 12) =====equivocation=====
 * 13) =====fallacy: //Usually an improper argumentation in reasoning resulting in a misconception or presumption.//=====
 * 14) =====false analogy: //An informal fallacy applying to inductive arguments - It is often mistakenly considered to be a formal fallacy, but it isn't.//=====
 * 15) =====false dilemma=====
 * 16) =====hasty generalizations: //A logical fallacy of faulty generalization by reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence ( generalizing and making inductive arguments far too quickly )//=====
 * 17) =====induction/inductive inference: //Creating general principles from analyzing specific instances.//=====
 * 18) =====infinite regress=====
 * 19) =====lateral thinking=====
 * 20) =====laws of thought=====
 * 21) =====loaded questions: //A question with strong direction or dictation of the answer desired through the use of name calling or emotionally charged words.//=====
 * 22) =====post hoc ergo propter hoc=====
 * 23) =====premise=====
 * 24) =====prison of consistency=====
 * 25) =====quantifier=====
 * 26) =====rationalization: //The cognitive process of making something seem consistent with or based on reason.//=====
 * 27) =====rhetoric=====
 * 28) =====special pleading=====
 * 29) =====syllogism=====
 * 30) =====validity=====
 * 31) =====venn diagram=====
 * 32) =====vested interest=====
 * 33) =====vicious circle:=====

=Ways of Knowing: Emotion= = = =Areas of Knowledge: Natural Sciences=
 * 1) =====apathy=====
 * 2) =====debugging intuition=====
 * 3) =====emotional coloring=====
 * 4) =====emotive language=====
 * 5) =====empathy intuitions=====
 * 6) =====James-Lange theory=====
 * 7) =====primary emotions=====
 * 8) =====rational fool=====
 * 9) =====Romanticism=====
 * 10) =====social emotion=====
 * 11) =====Stoicism=====
 * 1) =====Anomaly=====
 * 2) =====Conjectures and refutations=====
 * 3) =====Controlled experiment=====
 * 4) =====Empirical=====
 * 5) =====Empiricist=====
 * 6) =====Falsification=====
 * 7) =====Hypothesis=====
 * 8) =====Law=====
 * 9) =====theory=====
 * 10) =====Logical positivism=====
 * 11) =====Paradigm=====
 * 12) =====Physics envy=====
 * 13) =====Principle of simplicity=====
 * 14) ===== Occam's Razor =====
 * 15) =====Pseudo-science=====
 * 16) =====Rationalist=====
 * 17) =====Relativism=====
 * 18) =====Science worship=====
 * 19) =====Scientism=====
 * 20) =====induction=====
 * 21) =====hypothesis=====
 * 22) =====law=====
 * 23) =====theory=====
 * 24) =====conjecture=====
 * 25) =====refutation=====

=Areas of Knowledge: Ethics=


 * 1) =====Altruism=====
 * 2) =====Cultural imperialism=====
 * 3) =====Duty ethics=====
 * 4) =====Egoism=====
 * 5) =====Golden rule=====
 * 6) =====Moral absolutism=====
 * 7) =====Moral principle=====
 * 8) =====Moral relativism=====
 * 9) =====Other-regarding desires=====
 * 10) =====Relativism=====
 * 11) =====Rights=====
 * 12) =====Rule worship=====
 * 13) =====Self-interest theory=====
 * 14) =====Self-regarding desires=====
 * 15) =====Special pleading=====
 * 16) =====Utilitarianism=====
 * 17) =====Value-judgment=====
 * 18) =====Veil of ignorance=====

=Areas of Knowledge: Mathematics=


 * 1) =====Analytic=====
 * 2) =====A posteriori=====
 * 3) =====A priori=====
 * 4) =====Axioms=====
 * 5) =====Conjecture=====
 * 6) =====Deduction=====
 * 7) =====Empiricism=====
 * 8) =====Euclidean geometry=====
 * 9) =====Formal system=====
 * 10) =====Formalism=====
 * 11) =====Godel’s incompleteness theorem=====
 * 12) =====Goldbach’s conjecture=====
 * 13) =====Idealization=====
 * 14) =====Platonism=====
 * 15) =====Synthetic=====
 * 16) =====Theorem=====

=Areas of Knowledge: History=


 * 1) =====Bias=====
 * 2) =====Cubist history=====
 * 3) =====Economic determinism=====
 * 4) =====Empathy=====
 * 5) =====Great person theory of history=====
 * 6) =====Hindsight bias=====
 * 7) =====Primary source=====
 * 8) =====Secondary source=====
 * 9) =====Self-realizing expectations=====

=Areas of Knowledge: The Arts=


 * 1) =====Aesthetics=====
 * 2) =====Avant-garde=====
 * 3) =====Beauty=====
 * 4) =====Canon=====
 * 5) =====Catharsis=====
 * 6) =====Disinterested=====
 * 7) =====Expert opinion=====
 * 8) =====Forgeries=====
 * 9) =====Form versus content=====
 * 10) =====Kitsch=====
 * 11) =====Mimesis=====

=Areas of Knowledge: Human Sciences=


 * 1) =====Bear market=====
 * 2) =====Behaviorism=====
 * 3) =====Bias=====
 * 4) =====Bull market=====
 * 5) =====Free-will/determinism=====
 * 6) =====Going native=====
 * 7) =====Holism=====
 * 8) =====Human free-will=====
 * 9) =====Law of large numbers=====
 * 10) =====Loaded questions=====
 * 11) =====Mirror test=====
 * 12) =====Nature-nurture debate=====
 * 13) =====Observer effect=====
 * 14) =====Phillips curve=====
 * 15) =====Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy=====
 * 16) =====Reactance=====
 * 17) =====Reductionism=====
 * 18) =====Reductive fallacy=====
 * 19) =====Stream of consciousness=====
 * 20) =====Trends and laws=====
 * 21) =====Verstehen position=====